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THE SIGNIFICANCE OF TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVITY CAN BE UNDERSTOOD BEST THROUGH A CONCEPT OF INTERNATIONAL CIVIL SOCIETY RESULTING FROM LINKS AMONG SOCIETAL ACTORS IN THE WORLD'S VARIOUS NATIONAL CIVIL SOCIETIES. THIS CONCEPT POSITS A GLOBAL PUBLIC SPACE SHARED BY STATES AND TRANSNATIONALLY-LINKED SOCIETAL ACTORS THAT NEED AND SEEK TO INFLUENCE EACH OTHER.

Based on the in-depth analysis of the Tambogrande case, the most well known case of social mobilization in Peru, I argue that the success or failure of transnational activity is closely linked to actions performed on the grassroots level by local organizations before the arrival of outsiders. Between 1999 and 2004, Tambogrande was the site of intense transnational activity. The support given by international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) like Oxfam Great Britain and Oxfam America was crucial to stop a Canadian mining company, Manhattan Minerals Corporation (MMC), interested in the extraction of the minerals lying underneath. The existing literature about this case of environmental conflict highlights the contributions of the INGOs neglecting a deeper account of the past trajectories of the local actors. I argue that this successful case of transnational activity was the direct result of a long series of protests that began in 1961 when hundreds of farmers from different regions of Peru arrived to colonize the desert to create what is now the San Lorenzo Valley. The reconstruction of four previous decades of protests shows that the key elements that facilitated the success of the transnational alliances established in the period 1999-2004 were domestically created long before the arrival of INGOs. Specifically, I maintain that these key elements were three. First, a social movement organization (SMO) composed of representatives of pre-existing grassroots organizations such as agricultural, labor, commercial and political guilds. Second, a porous state office (PSO) that remained at the service of social mobilization as a source of democratic and legal legitimacy for more than twenty years. Third, a domestic non-governmental bridging organization (DNGBO) that functioned as a broker between grassroots organizations, social leaders, national NGOs and international NGOs.

International audience ; This article deals with the mechanisms and the impact of the enlargement process on the identity of Polish political elites.Thisprocess is closely related to the evolution of EU governance; new political partners will have - and already have had - an impact on the decision making process at different levels of the EU. We start off with a review of the theoretical literature on the EU's normative impact on the work and role of political parties. This is followed by an analytical study of European party federations,EU enlargement and the interrelationship between the 'logic of appropriateness' and the 'logic of expected consequences'. The article provides a case study of one non-governmental actor which has been particularly active in the field of transnational communication, namely, the German political foundations. Our empirical evidence calls into question the notion of conditionality as the major explanatory factor of EU-induced change.

The proposal takes as a case study of Felipe Sassone and César Falcón, two Peruvians with very different backgrounds who formed part of the Spanish cultural circuits, achieved success as writers and journalists and, from opposing positions, became involved in Spanish politics from the end of the Restoration to the Civil War. The press was the privileged space in which they spoke out about the changes that convulsed Europe during the First World War and the inter-war period. ; La propuesta toma como caso de estudio a Felipe Sassone y César Falcón, dos peruanos de muy distinta trayectoria que formaron parte de los circuitos culturales españoles, alcanzaron el éxito como escritores y periodistas y, desde posiciones confrontadas, se involucraron en la política española de finales de la Restauración, a la Guerra Civil. La prensa fue el espacio privilegiado en el que se manifestaron sobre los cambios que convulsionaron a Europa durante la Primera Guerra Mundial y el periodo de entreguerras.